Endocrinology and Metabolism

Original Articles

Thyroid
Comparative Analysis of Driver Mutations and Transcriptomes in Papillary Thyroid Cancer by Region of Residence in South Korea: Jandee Lee, Seonhyang Jeong, Hwa Young Lee, Sunmi Park, Meesson Jeong, Young Suk Jo; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(6):720-729. Published online November 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1758

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Radiation exposure is a well-known risk factor for papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). South Korea has 24 nuclear reactors in operation; however, no molecular biological analysis has been performed on patients with PTC living near nuclear power plants.
Methods
We retrospectively included patients with PTC (n=512) divided into three groups according to their place of residence at the time of operation: inland areas (n=300), coastal areas far from nuclear power plants (n=134), and nuclear power plant areas (n=78). After propensity score matching (1:1:1) by age, sex, and surgical procedure, the frequency of representative driver mutations and gene expression profiles were compared (n=50 per group). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), BRAF, thyroid differentiation, and radiation scores were calculated and compared.
Results
No significant difference was observed in clinicopathological characteristics, including radiation exposure history and the frequency of incidentally discovered thyroid cancer, among the three groups. BRAF^V600E mutation was most frequently detected in the groups, with no difference among the three groups. Furthermore, gene expression profiles showed no statistically significant difference. EMT and BRAF scores were higher in our cohort than in cohorts from Chernobyl tissue bank and The Cancer Genome Atlas Thyroid Cancer; however, there was no difference according to the place of residence. Radiation scores were highest in the Chernobyl tissue bank but exhibited no difference according to the place of residence.
Conclusion
Differences in clinicopathological characteristics, frequency of representative driver mutations, and gene expression profiles were not observed according to patients’ region of residence in South Korea.

Endocrine Research
Liver X Receptor β Related to Tumor Progression and Ribosome Gene Expression in Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Seonhyang Jeong, In-Kyu Kim, Hyunji Kim, Moon Jung Choi, Jandee Lee, Young Suk Jo; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(3):656-668. Published online August 20, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.667

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Background
Intracellular lipid deposition has been reported in thyroid glands in obese animal and human. To understand the regulatory mechanism of lipid metabolism in thyroid cancer, we investigated the expression status of liver X receptor (LXR) and analyzed its clinicopathological characteristics and molecular biological features.
Methods
Expression status of LXR and its transcriptional targets in human cancers were analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The gene-sets related to high LXRβ expression was investigated by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) signaling pathways and gene ontology biologic process. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed in thyroid cancer samples using our validation cohort.
Results
In contrast to low expression of LXRα, LXRβ was highly expressed in thyroid cancer compared to the other types of human cancers. High LXRβ expression was correlated with the expression of LXRβ transcriptional targets genes, such as apolipoprotein C1 (APOC1), APOC2, apolipoprotein E (APOE), ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 8 (ABCG8), sterol regulatory elementbinding protein 1c (SREBP1c), and SPOT14. Furthermore, High LXRβ expression group indicated poor clinicopathological characteristics and aggressive molecular biological features independently from the drive mutation status. Mechanistically, high LXRβ expression was coordinately related to ribosome-related gene sets.
Conclusion
The mechanistic link between LXRβ and ribosomal activity will be addressed to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic targets in thyroid cancers.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

ApoC1 promotes glioma metastasis by enhancing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and activating the STAT3 pathway
Rui Liang, Guofeng Zhang, Wenhua Xu, Weibing Liu, Youjia Tang
Neurological Research.2023; 45(3): 268. CrossRef
The Novel RXR Agonist MSU-42011 Differentially Regulates Gene Expression in Mammary Tumors of MMTV-Neu Mice
Lyndsey A. Reich, Ana S. Leal, Edmund Ellsworth, Karen T. Liby
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(5): 4298. CrossRef
The Role of Apolipoproteins in the Commonest Cancers: A Review
Nour M. Darwish, Mooza Kh. Al-Hail, Youssef Mohamed, Rafif Al Saady, Sara Mohsen, Amna Zar, Layla Al-Mansoori, Shona Pedersen
Cancers.2023; 15(23): 5565. CrossRef
Apolipoproteins: New players in cancers
Yingcheng He, Jianrui Chen, Yanbing Ma, Hongping Chen
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Simultaneous Expression of Long Non-Coding RNA FAL1 and Extracellular Matrix Protein 1 Defines Tumour Behaviour in Young Patients with Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Seonhyang Jeong, Seul-Gi Lee, Hyunji Kim, Gibbeum Lee, Sunmi Park, In-Kyu Kim, Jandee Lee, Young-Suk Jo
Cancers.2021; 13(13): 3223. CrossRef
Using BioPAX-Parser (BiP) to enrich lists of genes or proteins with pathway data
Giuseppe Agapito, Mario Cannataro
BMC Bioinformatics.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Comprehensive Analysis of Prognostic Alternative Splicing Signature Reveals Recurrence Predictor for Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Mian Liu, Rooh Afza Khushbu, Pei Chen, Hui-Yu Hu, Neng Tang, Deng-jie Ou-yang, Bo Wei, Ya-xin Zhao, Peng Huang, Shi Chang
Frontiers in Oncology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Metabolic Reprogramming of Thyroid Cancer Cells and Crosstalk in Their Microenvironment
Lisha Bao, Tong Xu, Xixuan Lu, Ping Huang, Zongfu Pan, Minghua Ge
Frontiers in Oncology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Cooperative Subtype Switch of Thyroid Hormone Receptor and Nuclear Receptor Corepressor Related Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition in Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Seonhyang Jeong, Seul Gi Lee, Hyunji Kim, Gibbeum Lee, Sunmi Park, In-Kyu Kim, Jandee Lee, Young Suk Jo
International Journal of Thyroidology.2021; 14(2): 152. CrossRef

Endocrine Research
Effects of Oxytocin on Cell Proliferation in a Corticotroph Adenoma Cell Line: Jung Soo Lim, Young Woo Eom, Eun Soo Lee, Hyeong Ju Kwon, Ja-Young Kwon, Junjeong Choi, Choon Hee Chung, Young Suk Jo, Eun Jig Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(3):302-313. Published online September 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.3.302

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Background

Oxytocin (OXT) has been reported to act as a growth regulator in various tumor cells. However, there is a paucity of data on the influence of OXT on cell proliferation of corticotroph adenomas. This study aimed to examine whether OXT affects cell growth in pituitary tumor cell lines (AtT20 and GH3 cells) with a focus on corticotroph adenoma cells.

Methods

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were conducted with AtT20 cells to confirm the effects of OXT on hormonal activity; flow cytometry was used to assess changes in the cell cycle after OXT treatment. Moreover, the impact of OXT on proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), nuclear factor κB, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway was analyzed by Western blot.

Results

OXT treatment of 50 nM changed the gene expression of OXT receptor and pro-opiomelanocortin within a short time. In addition, OXT significantly reduced adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion within 1 hour. S and G2/M populations of AtT20 cells treated with OXT for 24 hours were significantly decreased compared to the control. Furthermore, OXT treatment decreased the protein levels of PCNA and phosphorylated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (P-ERK) in AtT20 cells.

Conclusion

Although the cytotoxic effect of OXT in AtT20 cells was not definite, OXT may blunt cell proliferation of corticotroph adenomas by altering the cell cycle or reducing PCNA and P-ERK levels. Further research is required to investigate the role of OXT as a potential therapeutic target in corticotroph adenomas.

Citations

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Increased proliferation and neuronal fate in prairie vole brain progenitor cells cultured in vitro: effects by social exposure and sexual dimorphism
Daniela Ávila-González, Italo Romero-Morales, Lizette Caro, Alejandro Martínez-Juárez, Larry J. Young, Francisco Camacho-Barrios, Omar Martínez-Alarcón, Analía E. Castro, Raúl G. Paredes, Néstor F. Díaz, Wendy Portillo
Biology of Sex Differences.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Anterior pituitary gland synthesises dopamine from l‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (l‐dopa)
Santiago Jordi Orrillo, Nataly de Dios, Antonela Sofía Asad, Fernanda De Fino, Mercedes Imsen, Ana Clara Romero, Sandra Zárate, Jimena Ferraris, Daniel Pisera
Journal of Neuroendocrinology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

Case Report

A Case of Giant Cell Granulomatous Hypophysitis with Recurrent Hypoosmolar Hyponatremia.: Yun Hyeong Lee, Yong Bum Kim, Ju Hee Lee, Kyoung Hye Jeong, Min Kyeong Kim, Kyu Sang Song, Young Suk Jo; Endocrinol Metab. 2010;25(4):347-353. Published online December 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2010.25.4.347

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Abstract PDF

A 39-year-old woman presented with a 20 day history of recurrent hypoosmolar hyponatremia. Because her volume status seemed to be normal, the most suspected causes of her hyponatremia were adrenal insufficiency and hypothyroidism. Endocrinologic examination, including a combined pituitary function test, showed TSH and ACTH deficiency without GH deficiency, and hyperprolactinemia was also present. Sella MRI showed a pituitary mass, stalk thickening and loss of the normal neurohypophysial hyperintense signal on the T1 weighted image. Pathologic exam demonstrated granulomatous lesions and Langhans' multinucleated giant cells with inflammatory cell infiltration. After high dose methylprednisolone pulse therapy (1 g/day for 3 days) with subsequent prednisolone and levothyoxine replacement, there was no more recurrence of the hyponatremia. The sella MRI on the 6th month showed decreased mass size, narrowed stalk thickening and the reappearance of the normal neurohyphophysial hyperintense signal. She is currently in a good general condition and is receiving hormone replacement therapy.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Primary Granulomatous Hypophysitis Presenting with Panhypopituitarism and Central Diabetes Insipidus
Hyun Jin Oh, Ji Young Mok, Ji Eun Kim, Sung Bae Cho, Sang Ah Chang, Ji Hyun Kim, Jung Min Lee
Korean Journal of Medicine.2015; 88(5): 581. CrossRef
Idiopathic granulomatous hypophysitis: a systematic review of 82 cases in the literature
Benjamin H. M. Hunn, William G. Martin, Steven Simpson, Catriona A. Mclean
Pituitary.2014; 17(4): 357. CrossRef

Editorial

Identification of Growth Regulatory Factors in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Cell Line.: Young Suk Jo, Minho Shong; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2009;24(2):84-86. Published online June 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2009.24.2.84

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

Original Article

Expression of miRNA 146a/b, 221 and 222 in Thyroid Cancer.: Young Suk Jo, Ihn Suk Lee, Woojeong Hong, In Sang Song, Minho Shong, Je Ryoung Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2009;24(1):17-24. Published online March 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2009.24.1.17

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
miRNAs can be diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets in cancers, but few studies have been conducted in thyroid cancer. We investigated the expression levels of miRNA 146a/b, 221, and 222 which are important miRNAs in papillary thyroid cancers (PTCa), and verified their impact on clinicopathological factors. METHODS: We measured the expression of pre-miRNAs 146a/b, 221, and 222 in NPA cells treated with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) or in HEK293T cells transfected with RET/PTC3 or BRAFV600E expression vectors. We also investigated the relationship between miRNA expression levels in thyroid cancer tissue specimens and clinicopathological parameters. RESULTS: Growth stimulation with 10% FBS induced miRNA expressions in NPA cells, and transfection of RET/PTC3 and BRAFV600E also increased the expression of these miRNAs in HEK293T cells. Most (25 cases; 50%) of PTCa showed increased expression of miRNA-146a/b and 30 cases (60%) had elevated expression of miRNA-221 and miRNA-222 compared to normal thyroid samples from the contralateral lobe. However, increased miRNA expression did not correlate with clinicopathological factors. CONCLUSION: Expression of miRNA 146a/b, 221, and 222 was increased by BRAFV600E and RET/PTC3 rearrangement and might have a role in tumorigenesis in PTCa. However, expression levels of these miRNAs did not correlate with clinicopathological parameters of patients with PTCa.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Expression of miRNA 146a/b, 221 and 222 in Thyroid Cancer
Do Joon Park
Journal of Korean Endocrine Society.2009; 24(1): 15. CrossRef

Case Report

A Case of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type I with Atypical Clinical Course.: Yun Sun Choi, Youn Sun Bai, Bon Jeong Ku, Young Suk Jo, Young Kun Kim, Heung Kyu Ro, Minho Shong; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2008;23(4):266-271. Published online August 1, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2008.23.4.266

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Abstract PDF

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) is characterized by the combined occurrence of primary hyperparathyroidism, enteropancreatic tumors and anterior pituitary adenoma. Yet carcinoid tumors, adrenal adenoma and lipoma might exist simultaneously. Thymic carcinoid tumors, which are recognized as one of the causes of death for patients with MEN 1, are uncommon and their natural history has barely been investigated.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

A rare case of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 initially presenting as an asymptomatic, huge mediastinal mass: case report
Ji Eun Jun, You-Cheol Hwang, Kyu Jeong Ahn, Ho Yeon Chung, In-Kyung Jeong
BMC Endocrine Disorders.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
A Case of Asymptomatic Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type I with Thymic Carcinoid
Suk Ki Park, Moon Won Lee, In Sub Han, Young Joo Park, Sung Yong Han, Joon Woo Park, Bong Eun Lee, Gwang Ha Kim, Sang Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research.2019; 19(1): 65. CrossRef
Incidental metastatic mediastinal atypical carcinoid in a patient with parathyroid adenoma: a case report
Zareen Kiran, Asma Ahmed, Owais Rashid, Saira Fatima, Faizan Malik, Saulat Fatimi, Mubassher Ikram
Journal of Medical Case Reports.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 Presenting with an Invasive Giant Prolactinoma
Jinhoon Cha, Jin Seo Kim, Jung Suk Han, Yeon Won Park, Min Joo Kim, Yun Hyi Ku, Hong Il Kim
The Korean Journal of Medicine.2016; 91(3): 300. CrossRef
Genetic and Epigenetic Analysis in Korean Patients with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
Yoon Jung Chung, Sena Hwang, Jong Ju Jeong, Sun Yong Song, Se Hoon Kim, Yumie Rhee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2014; 29(3): 270. CrossRef
A Case of Asymptomatic Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 Detected Incidentally on Health Screening
Pyung-San Cho, Hoon Park, Guk-Haeng Lee, Myung-Chul Lee
Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.2012; 55(6): 373. CrossRef

Original Article

Change in Thyroid Autoantibodies According to the Clinical Course of Painless Thyroiditis Excluding Postpartum Thyroiditis.: Ihn Suk Lee, Young Suk Jo, Bon Jeong Ku, Minho Shong, Young Kun Kim, Heung kyu Ro; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2008;23(4):245-252. Published online August 1, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2008.23.4.245

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Painless thyroiditis is characterized by painless, destructive inflammation of the thyroid gland. Although thyroid autoantibodies are frequently detected in patients suffering from this condition, the clinical significance of these antibodies is not well understood. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between thyroid function and thyroid autoantibodies in painless thyroiditis according to clinical course. METHODS: Patients proven to have painless thyroiditis were retrospectively included in this study. We analyzed their clinical features, thyroid function and titers of thyroid autoantibodies according to clinical course, which was divided into three phases; thyrotoxic, hypothyroid and recovery. RESULTS: Of the 21 patients included in this study, 2 were male and 19 were female. During the thyrotoxic phase, the mean free T4 concentration was 4.03 (2~6.8) ng/mL and the mean concentration of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was 0.02 (0.01~0.07) U/mL. In addition, the titer of antithyroglobulin antibody and antithyroid peroxidase antibody was 298 (4.8~995) U/mL and 3318 (0.1~25280) U/mL, respectively during this phase. During the hypothyroid phase, the mean TSH was 16.3 (4.3-49.5) U/mL and was found to be positively correlated with the level of free T4 observed during the thyrotoxic phase (r = 0.523, P = 0.031). During the recovery phase, the titer of antithyroglobulin antibody was significantly reduced to 180 (38~487) U/mL when compared with the titer taken during the thyrotoxic phase (P = 0.016). Additionally, during the hypothyroid phase, patients found to have antithyroid peroxidase antibody had a higher titer of TSH than those that did not (23.9 (6.5~49.5) vs. 11.2 (5.3~18.2) U/mL, P = 0.004). CONCLUSION: The titer of free T4 and the presence of antithyroid peroxidase observed during the thyrotoxic phase were related to the titer of TSH during hypothyroid phase. Additionally, the titer of antithyroglobulin antibody was significantly reduced during the recovery phase.

Case Report

Two Cases of Simple Virilizing Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia with Compound Heterozygous Mutations of CYP21 Gene.: Koon Soon Kim, Yun Sun Choi, Youn Sun Bai, So Young Rha, Young Suk Jo, Minho Shong; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(4):299-304. Published online August 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.4.299

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Abstract PDF: Steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency is the most frequent cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), which is an inherited inability to synthesize cortisol. Actually, CAH is caused by mutations in the CYP21 gene encoding the steroid 21-hydroxylase enzyme. In some cases, discordance has been observed between the genotype and the phenotype. We recently experienced two cases of simple virilizing congenital adrenal hyperplasia with compound heterozygous mutations of the CYP21 gene. The patients had primary amenorrhea and showed virilization. We have described these two cases along with a review of the literature.

Review Articles

Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications of BRAFV600E in Papillary Thyroid Cancer.: Minho Shong, Young Suk Jo, Heung kyu Ro; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(4):245-251. Published online August 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.4.245

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

Management Guidelines for Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Thyroid Cancer.: Won Bae Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Hyuk Sang Kwon, Won Jin Moon, Jae Bok Lee, Young Sik Choi, Seok Ki Kim, Sun Wook Kim, Ki wook Chung, Jung Hwan Baek, Byung Il Kim, Do Joon Park, Dong Gyu Na, Jun Ho Choe, Jae Hoon Chung, Hye Seung Jung, Jeong Han Kim, Kee Hyun Nam, Hang Seok Chang, Woong Youn Chung, Soon Won Hong, Suck Joon Hong, Jeong Hyun Lee, Ka Hee Yi, Young Suk Jo, Ho Cheol Kang, Minho Shong, Jin Woo Park, Jong Ho Yoon, Seong Joon Kang, Kwang Woo Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(3):157-187. Published online June 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.3.157

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Abstract PDF

No abstract available.

Citations

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International Journal of Thyroidology.2023; 16(1): 1. CrossRef
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Chan-Kwon Jung, Jung-Ha Shin, Hyun-Seung Lee, Ahwon Lee, Eun-Sun Jung, Yeong-Jin Choi, Kyo-Young Lee
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Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules Detected by Ultrasonography in Adults for Health Check-Ups and Analysis of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology
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Journal of Korean Endocrine Society.2008; 23(6): 413. CrossRef

Original Articles

The Relationship between the Expression of MHC Class II Antigens and the Clinical Prognosis of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Patients.: Jun Chul Lee, Seul Young Kim, Yun Sun Choi, Youn Sun Bai, Yun Jeung Kim, Ihn Suk Lee, Ki Hyun Kwon, So Young Rha, Bon Jeong Ku, Young Kun Kim, Heung Kyu Ro, Shengjin Li, Jin Man Kim, Young Suk Jo, Minho Shong; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(1):26-34. Published online February 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.1.26

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Papillary thyroid carcinoma is among the most curable cancers, but some patients are at high risk for recurrence or even death. MHC antigens are essential molecules for the pathogenesis of carcinoma and also the physiologic immune responses against tumor. However, there is no data about the relationship between the expression of MHC antigens and the clinical prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma patients. METHODS: We analyzed the relationship between the various prognostic factors and the MHC antigen expression by conducting a retrospective study of 215 patients, who had undergone thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid carcinoma between 1987 and 2003. RESULTS: The expressions of MHC class II antigens were more frequent in papillary thyroid carcinoma than in the other thyroid diseases. Yet there was no statistically significant relationship between most of the clinicopathological factors and the expression of MHC class II antigens in papillary thyroid carcinoma patients. Interestingly, an HLA-DR expression was found in 8 (30.8%) of the 26 patients in the recurrence group and in 13 (76.5%) of the 17 patients in the non-recurrence group, and HLA-DP/DQ immunoreactivity was positive in 10 (38.5%) cases of the recurrence group and in 14 (82.4%) cases of the non-recurrence group. CONCLUSION: Papillary thyroid carcinoma showed a more frequent expression of MHC Class II antigens. However, the recurred papillary thyroid carcinoma showed a tendency to downregulate the expression of MHC class II antigens. Hence, the molecular mechanism for the expression of MHC class II antigens might have a role in the recurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma.

The Relationship between the BRAF Mutations in Thyroid Papillary Carcinomas and the Prognostic Factors.: So Young Rha, Jun Chul Lee, Ki Hyun Kwon, Hyo Jin Lee, Koon Soon Kim, Young Suk Jo, Bon Jeong Ku, Minho Shong, Young Kun Kim, Heung Kyu Ro; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2005;20(3):224-229. Published online June 1, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2005.20.3.224

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BACKGROUND
Thyroid cancers account for about 1% of all human malignancies, with papillary thyroid carcinomas being the most common istotype. Several investigators have recently identified the most common BRAF mutation, the T1796A transversion mutation, in 29~69% of papillary thyroid cancers. The BRAF mutation has been demonstrated as a novel prognostic biomarker for the prediction of poor clinicopathological outcomes, such as increased incidence of extrathyroid invasion and distant metastasis of the tumor. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of the BRAF mutation of thyroid tissues obtained by a thyroidectomy, and its correlation with the clinicopathological outcomes. METHODS: We studied 36 thyroid tissues obtained from 24 women and 12 men by thyroidectomies, including 30 papillary carcinomas, 3 follicular carcinomas, 1 medullary carcinoma and 2 nodular hyperplasia. The mutation was sought in all specimens using DNA sequencing. RESULTS: We studied the BRAF exon 15 T1796A in these 36 thyroid tissues. The mean age at surgery was 46.6, ranging from 18 to 72 years, with a median tumor size of 2.79, ranging from 1.5 to 4.5cm. At the time of diagnosis, 27 of the 34 patients presented with some kind of extrathyroidal invasion of the tumor, and 16 had lymph node metastases. 16, 2 and 16 patients were in stages I, II and III, respectively. There was no distant metastasis. A missense mutation was found at T1796A in exon 15 in 21 of the 30 papillary carcinomas(70%). The other thyroid diseases, including the 3 follicular carcinomas, 1 medullary carcinoma and 2 nodular hyperplasia show no exon 15 T1759A transversion mutation. No statistically significant association was found between the BRAF mutations and clinicopathological characteristics of papillary carcinomas. CONCLUSION: The BRAF mutation is a important genetic alteration, with a high prevalence in papillary thyroid carcinomas. However, there was no significant association between the BRAF mutation and any of the clinicopathological factors. Further, large scale studies will be needed to evaluate the correlation between the BRAF mutation and the clinicopathological factors

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Detection of Plasma BRAFV600EMutation Is Associated with Lung Metastasis in Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas
Bo Hyun Kim, In Joo Kim, Byung Joo Lee, Jin Choon Lee, In Suk Kim, Seong-Jang Kim, Won Jin Kim, Yun Kyung Jeon, Sang Soo Kim, Yong Ki Kim
Yonsei Medical Journal.2015; 56(3): 634. CrossRef
Diagnostic Effectiveness of PCR-based Tests DetectingBRAFMutation for Treating Malignant Melanoma: A Systematic Review
Hae-Won Shin, Ryeo-Jin Ko, Min Lee, Hee-Young Bang, Kye-Chul Kwon, Jong-Woo Park, Sun-Hoe Koo
Laboratory Medicine Online.2014; 4(4): 203. CrossRef
BRAFV600E mutation does not serve as a prognostic factor in Korean patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma
Dongbin Ahn, June Sik Park, Jin Ho Sohn, Jae Hyug Kim, Sun-Kyun Park, An Na Seo, Ji Young Park
Auris Nasus Larynx.2012; 39(2): 198. CrossRef
The Frequency ofBRAFMutation in Very Small Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas
Taeeun Kim, Ji-Hyun Roh, Hee-Jung Park, Jee Eun Kwon, So-Young Kang, Yoon-La Choi, Young Lyun Oh
The Korean Journal of Pathology.2010; 44(3): 308. CrossRef
ras Mutation in Korean Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas
Jung Hwa Jung, Keun-Sook Kim, Tae Sik Jung, Young Lyun Oh, Hye Won Jang, Hye Seung Jung, Yong-Ki Min, Myung-Shik Lee, Moon-Kyu Lee, Kwang-Won Kim, Jae Hoon Chung
Journal of Korean Endocrine Society.2007; 22(3): 203. CrossRef

The Adequacy of Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration in Thyroid Nodules.: Hyo Jin Lee, So Young Rha, Ki Hyun Kwon, Jun Chul Lee, Koon Soon Kim, Young Suk Jo, Bon Jeong Ku, Minho Shong, Young Kun Kim, Heung Kyu Ro; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2005;20(2):154-159. Published online April 1, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2005.20.2.154

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BACKGROUND
Fine needle aspiration(FNA) is an accurate and safe method for the diagnosis of thyroid nodules. One of the limitations of FNA is the variable rate of unsatisfactory specimens, especially in small sized, deep seated or complex cystic nodules. To overcome this problem, ultrasound-guided FNA(US-FNA) has been widely used. In this study, the adequacy of cytologic specimens by US-FNA was compared with that of conventional palpation-guided FNA(P-FNA). METHODS: The medical records of all patients who were engaged in FNA due to thyroid nodules at Chungnam National University Hospital from January 2003 to July 2004 were retrospectively examined. The US-FNA and P-FNA were performed in 114 and 185 patients, respectively. RESULTS: Comparison of the adequacy of the two techniques in providing sufficient material for the cytologic diagnosis showed that specimens in 24(13.0%) and 6(5.3%) patients collected by P-FNA and US-FNA, respectively, were unsatisfactory(P=0.031). A total of 23 patients underwent thyroid surgery due to strong suspicion of malignancy at cytologic finding and/or on clinical judgement. Seventeen patients belonged to the P-FNA group and 6 patients to the US-FNA group. In the P-FNA group, a histologic diagnosis revealed two false-negative cytologic findings, but no false-negative findings were found in the US-FNA group. CONCLUSION: Compared with P-FNA, US-FNA may reduce the possibility of unsatisfactory cytologic specimens and the rate of false-negative diagnosis, and may improve the diagnostic accuracy in investigating thyroid nodules

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Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules Detected by Ultrasonography in Adults for Health Check-up and Analysis of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology
Jae Hoon Chung
Journal of Korean Endocrine Society.2008; 23(6): 391. CrossRef

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